The Face of Exploitation in Public Health Essay -- International Healt

The Face of Exploitation in Public Health International public health policies attempt to reform the social and political systems which influence the health and safety of all citizens of the world. In the past, these policies have been created through the strong reliance on and exploitation of socially constructed systems of classification such as gender, sexuality, nationality, and economic class. It has been a system of correlation between the behaviors which seem prevalent within social groupings and chances that those behaviors will lead to disease transmition or infestation. In January 2004, the World Health Organization announced a radical change in their policies surrounding public health study and prevention in the 2004 World Report on violence and health. Instead of focusing on larger global and national trends, the WHO called for an expansion of policies and increase of resources which focused more on the experiences and support of individuals rather than groups. This value of individual experience holds extreme pr omise in the expansion and effectiveness of public health initiatives as well has changes many societal systems of classifications. However, there may be detrimental effects of this change that exploit the very subjects that they attempt to help. It is a question of forcing the private experience of disease into a public domain. Where are the lines of public verses private drawn? Public health by its very definition emphasizes public classification over the individual body. Its basic goal is to establish effective general health services that meet the minimum health requirements for a majority of people. With this general goal in mind, there are two major assumptions made within the formation of public ... ...ing: Questions of Appropriation and Subversion." Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex." 121-156.New York: Routledge, 1993. Delany, Samuel. "Aversion/Perversion/Diversion." Longer Views: Extended Essays. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1996 Foucault, Miachael. "We 'Other Victorians'" and "The Repressive Hypothesis."The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction.Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1980. Hoole, Francis. Politic and Budgeting in the World Health Organization. 2 Indiana Unniverstity Press. 1997. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. 3-44.New York: Basic Books, 1999. Siddiqi, Javed. World Health and World Politics; the World Health Organization and the UN System. 194-195. University of South Carolina Press. 1995

Effects Of Menopause On Women Health And Social Care Essay

The climacteric affects womens normal quality of life and is marked by the stoping of menses. This fact has been proved and highlighted by research workers from clip to clip. In the UK and other developed states tremendous diminution in maternal mortality, leads to increasing proportions of adult females are lasting up to the climacteric age and old ages of active life beyond it. The mean life anticipation for adult females in developed states is around 75 old ages ( Khaw, 1992 ) . Harmonizing to Rees et al figure of older people will lift because addition in life anticipation and diminution in birthrate rate ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Majority of adult females in advanced societies experience climacteric and can anticipate to populate about 30 old ages beyond this event ( McKinlay et al, 2008 ) . This means most of adult females will confront alterations during menopausal age which includes vasomotor symptoms, sexual disfunction, psychological symptoms and the long term effects of climacteric on bone. Osteoporosis increases the hazard of break and loss of mobility which leads to dependence of others. Consultations for the climacteric are increasing with the addition population and at that place high life anticipation. Health attention professionals associated with adult females ‘s wellness, will be covering with this of all time increasing job more often. This literature reappraisal will assist trainee gynecologist, general practicians and advisers to better their apprehension of climacteric symptoms and there comparative directionAim and ObjectiveThis reappraisal article is aimed to review and better cognition of trainee gynecologists, general practicians and advisers covering with menopausal adult females. An effort is made to simplify the basic constructs in climacteric based on critical analysis of best available grounds. The completed reappraisal article was sent to five gynecologists who have interested in climacteric for equal reappraisal and feedback. These included specializer registrars, advisers, and general practicians. The feedback questionnaires include inquiries about content, relevancy to targeted audience and utility in pattern. The quality graduated table with five point response options from ‘1 for hapless ‘ through to ‘5 for excellent ‘ was used. The free text inquiries about countries for betterment and airing of this article were besides included. The feedback signifiers were collected and analysed anonymously. In the reflection subdivision, thoughts and suggestions from equal reappraisal forms the nucleus treatment.Literature reappraisalWhat is Menopause?The climacteric is defined as the surcease of the catamenial rhythm and is caused by ovarian failure. The term is derived from the Greek meno, intending month, and intermission, intending an stoping. ( Rees e t al 2009 ) . The perimenopause includes the period get downing with the first characteristics of nearing climacteric and ends 1 twelvemonth after the last catamenial period. Menopausal passage is period of clip of the perimenopause that ends with the concluding catamenial period ( Burger et al, 2002 ) .What happens ( biological science of climacteric ) ?The biological science underlying the passage to menopause includes cardinal neuroendocrine alterations every bit good as alterations within the ovary, the most contact of which is a profound diminution in follicle Numberss ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . The entire Numberss of oocyte are maximum at intrauterine life. The entire figure of germ cells appears to lift steadily, around 600,000 at 2 months which making a extremum of 6,800,000 at 5 month. By the clip of birth, the figure of oocyte will worsen. In newborn babies around 100,000 oocytes remains and at the age of 7 old ages merely 300,000 oocytes survives ( Baker, 1963 ) . The figur e of follicles lessenings with increased age, alteration occurs when figure of follicle falls to the critical figure of 25,000 at age 37.5 old ages. The figure of follicle reduced to around 1000 at 51 old ages and it was adopted as the menopausal threshold because it corresponds to the average age of climacteric in the general population ( Faddy et al, 1992 ) . In one survey it was demonstrated that figure of follicle was 10-fold higher in normal flowing adult females than that in perimenopausal adult females. Follicles were virtually absent in the postmenopausal ovaries ( Richardson et al, 1987 ) . Menopause is triggered by the figure of ovarian follicles falling below a threshold figure and is irreversible because oogonial root cells disappear after birth ( Faddy et al, 1992 ) .When it happens?In one survey it is demonstrated that the mean age at natural climacteric was 51.4 old ages. If the climacteric occurs in a adult female who is less than 45 old ages of age, it is known as premature climacteric ( have to happen out ) . Smoke, lower educational attainment and nonemployment were related to earlier age at natural climacteric and anterior usage of unwritten preventives and para were associated with ulterior age at climacteric ( Gold, et Al, 2001 ) .What are the common symptoms of climacteric?In climacteric, there is decrease in producti on of oestrogen and addition in degree of gonadotrophin. Follicular exciting endocrine gets addition in circulation and lessening in degree of oestradiol and inhibin B ( Burger et al, 2002 ) . Therefore during the climacteric diminution in the degree of oestrogen, can do a figure of symptoms. The major menopausal symptoms are hot flowers, dark workout suits and urogenital symptoms, including vaginal waterlessness, loss of lubrication with sexual intercourse, and urinary frequence ( Farrell 2003 ) . Some symptoms are discussed in item below ;Vasomotor symptomsHot flowers and dark workout suits are the primary and most common symptoms of climacteric. Hot flowers have great variableness in their frequence and badness in adult females ; they may prevail for several months or last for 10 old ages ( Utian, WH, 2005 ) . Hot flowers are episodes of inappropriate heat loss mediated by cutaneal vasodilatation over the upper bole ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Vasomotor symptoms are extremely prevaili ng in most societies. The prevalence of these symptoms varies widely and may be influenced by a scope of factors, including clime, diet, lifestyle, adult females ‘s functions, and attitudes sing the terminal of generative life and aging. Forms in hot flush prevalence were evident for menopausal phases and, to a lesser grade, for regional fluctuation ( Freeman et al, 2007 ) .Urogenital wasting and urinary incontinencyAtrophic alterations occur in the vulva, vagina, urethra and vesica subsequent to oestrogen want ( Iosif, 1992 ) . This changes leads to cut down sexual activity. The oestrogen receptors decline in the vaginal mucous membrane after the climacteric, Cavallini survey shows ER as dominant oestrogen receptor in the human vagina and no significant difference has been seen in its look between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal groups. While a diminution of the ER? messenger RNA degree has been found in the post-menopausal adult females merely. Therefore, Oestrogen recept ors ne'er disappear wholly and, in response to exogenic oestrogens, the figure of receptors in the vagina can return to pre-menopausal degrees ( Cavallini et al, 2008 ) . Therefore, this activation of oestrogen receptors produces an addition in vaginal secernments and epithelial proliferation and vascularization taking to glycogen deposition and a decrease in vaginal pH due to higher lactic acid production ( Galhardo et al, 2006 ) . Some symptoms of urogenital wasting are listed in Table 1.Table 1. Symptoms of Urogenital AtrophyVaginalUrinaryDryness Frequency Rubing Nocturia Burning/Soreness Urgency Discharge Dysurias Dyspareunia Recurrent urinary piece of land infectionsPsychological Symptom Depressed temper, anxiousness, crossness, temper swings are symptoms associated with climacteric ( Freeman et al, 2008 ) . There is grounds of increased hazard for developing depression. Depression during the perimenopause may hold a significant impact on personal, household and professional domains of life ( Cohen et al, 2005 ) . Womans are at a higher hazard than work forces to develop depression. Menopausal passage is associated with higher hazard for new oncoming and perennial depression. Ovarian endocrines modulate 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline neurotransmission, a procedure that may be associated with implicit in pathophysiological procedures involved in the outgrowth of depressive symptoms during periods of hormonal fluctuation in biologically predisposed subpopulations ( Frey et al, 2008 ) . In one survey following psychological symptoms were included ; ( Greene, 2008 ) . The psychological symptoms are listed in Table 2.Psychological SymptomsAnxietyDepressionFeeling t ense or nervous Feeling unhappy or down Attack of terror Loss of involvement in things Heart crushing rapidly or strongly Irritability Excitable Shouting enchantments Trouble in take a breathing Feeling tired or missing in energy Trouble in concentratingOsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass, micro architectural impairment of bone tissue taking to heighten bone breakability and a attendant addition in break hazard ( Consensus Development Conference, 1991 ) . The authoritative osteoporotic breaks are hep, vertebral and wrist breaks. These osteoporotic breaks such as hip breaks have a really high morbidity and mortality. The life-time hazard of any osteoporotic break is really high and lies within the scope of 40-50 % in adult females and 13-22 % for work forces. Fractures happening at a site associated with low BMD and which addition in incidence after the age of 50 old ages ( Johnell and Kanis, 2005 ) .Dementia and Cognitive mapHarmonizing to one survey grounds suggests that oestrogen failure associated with climacteric and station climacteric, which is related to cognitive and affectional upsets and to increased hazard of Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Solerte et al, 1999 ) . A gr adual diminution in cognitive maps is portion of the normal aging procedure. However, pronounced confusion, freak out, memory loss and other alterations may signal a underdeveloped dementedness. A broad assortment of upsets can do dementedness like Alzheimer disease, vascular dementedness and dementedness with Lewy organic structures ( Rees et al, 2009 ) . Alzheimer disease is the most common type of dementedness and is characterized by memory loss, confusion and cognitive shortages ( ) . Oestrogen influences memory, knowledge and attenuates the extent of cell decease ensuing from encephalon hurts ( Wise et al, 2001 ) . Several surveies suggested that oestrogen is indispensable for optimum encephalon maps as oestrogen has been shown to increase intellectual blood flow, act as an anti-inflammatory agent, and enhance activity at neural synapses ( Behl, 2002 ) .Which are the interventions for menopausal symptoms?Merely one in 10 adult females seeks medical advice when they go through t he climacteric, and many do non necessitate any intervention. However, if your menopausal symptoms are terrible plenty to interfere with your day-to-day life, there are interventions that can assist.Treatment for vasomotor symptomsHormone replacing therapy is extremely effectual in relieving hot flowers and dark workout suits. In one systematic reappraisal 21 surveies, continuance from 3 month to 3 old ages were included with 2511 participants. There was a important decrease of strength and frequence of hot flowers in the HRT group compared to placebo group was observed ( Maclennan et al, 2001 ) . Patches, gels and implants have been found to cut down hot flowers with the same grade of efficaciousness as unwritten therapy ( Farrell 2003 ) . One randomised test demonstrates that black baneberry used in isolation or in a multibotanical merchandise helps in alleviation of vasomotor symptoms ( Newton et al, 2006 ) . In one dual blind, randomised, parallel group, outpatient, multicenter survey entire 177 postmenopausal adult females were sing five or more hot flowers per twenty-four hours were randomized to have either soy isoflavone infusion or placebo. Decreases in the incidence and badness of hot flowers occurred every bit shortly as 2 hebdomads in the soy group, whereas the placebo group experienced no alleviation for the first 4 hebdomads. Soy isoflavone infusion has effectual in cut downing frequence and badness of flowers and supply an attractive add-on to the picks available for alleviation of hot flowers. ( Upmalis et al, 2000 ) .Treatment for Urogenital wasting and urinary incontinencyOestrogen therapy is first pick of intervention for urogenital wasting ( Palacios, 2009 ) . A meta-analysis of surveies of oestrogen therapy demonstrated that, oestrogen is efficacious in the intervention of urogenital wasting. Low-dose vaginal oestradiol readyings are every bit effectual as systemic oestrogen therapy in the intervention of urogenital wasting in postmenopausal adult females ( Cardozo et al, 1998 ) . Oestrogen pick 1 or 2 times/week may forestall return after symptoms are resolved ( Laurie, 2001 ) . In one reappraisal it was concluded, that oestrogen given consistently or locally in all dose regimen is effectual, but topical vaginal application entirely is preferable if systematic intervention is non needed ( Palacios, 2009 ) . Cochrane systematic reappraisal besides concluded that vaginal oestrogen reduces the figure of urinary piece of land infections in postmenopausal adult females ‘s, with perennial urinary piece of land infection ( Perrotta et al, 2008 ) . Vaginal lubricators and moisturizers are besides helpful ; it provides longer alleviation by altering the unstable content of endometrium and take downing vaginal pH. Womans with contraindications to ERT-HRT could utilize lubricators for intercourse-related waterlessness or moisturizers for more uninterrupted alleviation ( Laurie, 2001 ) . Lubricants are impermanent steps to alleviate vaginal waterlessness during intercourse and moisturizers give longer diagnostic alleviation ( Palacios, 2009 ) . Agrimony, black baneberry, chaste tree, dong quai, enchantress Pomaderris apetala, and phytoestrogens are utile to cut down the vaginal waterlessness and dyspareunia but no grounds exists to back up these specific claims ( Laurie, 2001 ) .Treatment for psychological symptomTransdermal oestradiol, serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants are efficacious in the intervention of depression in diagnostic midlife adult females ( Frey et al, 2008 ) . There is deficient grounds that HT improve s temper, depression and other temper symptoms ( Farrell 2003 ) . Socioculture and household factors are more of import in the aetiology of mental unwellness in menopausal adult females ; in such instances antidepressants are more effectual than oestrogen therapy ( Ballinger, 1990 ) .Treatment for osteoporosisOestrogen therapy is the drug of pick for forestalling bone loss in menopausal adult females. Women ‘s Health Initiative ( WHI ) survey reported important decrease in the hazard of clinical breaks in a population-based sample of healthy postmenopausal adult females aged 50-79 old ages. In this big randomized controlled test, 16 608 adult females were recruited to the oestrogen-plus-progestogen arm of the survey. Treatment consisted, of one day-to-day tablet incorporating conjugated equine estrogen ( CEE ) , 0.625 milligram, and Provera ethanoate ( MPA ) , 2.5 mg. Trial were stopped with average follow-up period of 5.2 twelvemonth. In this survey, a important decrease was demonstrated in clinical vertebral and non-vertebral breaks, including hip breaks ( WHI, 2002 ) . Calcitonin besides helps by diminishing farther bone loss at vertebral and femoral sites. Orally administered bisphosphonates cut down bone loss and the incidence of vertebral malformation in patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. In menopausal adult females adequate Ca consumption is necessary. A minimal consumption of 800 milligram of calcium day-to-day is recommended for all grownups. Fluoride, anabolic steroids and parathyroid endocrine stimulate bone formation. Vitamin D lack increases the hazard of hep break ; hence vitamin D lack should be prevented and treated ( Consensus Development Conference, 1991 ) .Treatment for Dementia and Cognitive mapOne survey demonstrates that oestrogen plus progestin therapy increased the hazard for likely dementedness in postmenopausal adult females aged 65 old ages or older and did non forestall mild cognitive damage in these adult females ( Shumaker et al, 2003 ) . There are no dependable informations to demo the benefit of oestrogen replacing therapy on dementedness with regard to knowledge, bar or hold in development of Alzheimer dementedness ( Mulnard et al, 2000 ) . Womans are more likely to be dietetic addendum and natural redress, phytoestrogens ; peculiarly isoflavones have protective effects in these conditions.Hormone Replacement Therapy ( HRT )Hormone replacing therapy ( HRT ) is effectual in handling several of the most common menopausal symptoms, including hot flowers and dark workout suits, vaginal symptoms and cystitis. The chief indicant for HRT usage in postmenopausal adult females remains the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Treatment for up to 5 old ages does non add important life clip hazard but little addition in hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease after long-run therapy ( Skouby et al, 2005 ) . Hormone replacing therapy consists of an oestrogen with progestin. Oestrogen thera py on day-to-day footing with a progestin either cyclically or continuously are being used in non-hysterectomized adult females. After hysterectomy it is usual to order oestrogen entirely ( Farrell, 2003 ) . Testosterone therapy is given to immature adult females traveling through a premature climacteric and to adult females who exhibit symptoms of testosterone lack ( Farrell 2003 ) . Tibolone is a steroid compound structurally related to 19-nortestosterone derived functions ( such as norethisterone ) , which exhibits a attendant weak estrogenic, progestational, and androgenic activity. Tibolone is described as a tissue-specific therapy because of its mechanisms of action, a classical receptor response, enzyme suppression within the chest and womb and specific local metamorphosis as in the womb. It is metabolized to three metabolites, with the 3?- and 3?- hydroxytibolone metabolites working merely by adhering to the oestrogen receptor and hence holding oestrogen-like actions, and the ?4 isomer holding Lipo-Lutin and androgen-like actions but no oestrogen action ( Palacios, 2001 ) . The paths of disposal of endocrines ( for HRT ) that are available are unwritten, Transdermal, hypodermic, vaginal, intramuscular, intrauterine, buccal and intranasal. There are besides many different types of oestrogen, including oestradiol, theelin, oestriol and conjugated equid oestrogen readyings, and progestin such as micronized Lipo-Lutin, dydrogestrone, norethisterone, Provera ethanoate, levonorgestrel and other newer progestogens ( Farrell 2003 ) . The hazard and benefits of HRTs are listed in Table 3.HazardBenefitsVenous thromboembolism Stroke Myocardial infarction ( MI ) Breast malignant neoplastic disease Cholecystitis Ovarian malignant neoplastic disease ( adult females who use oestrogen-only replacing therapy for 10 or more old ages ) Prevention of osteoporotic breaks Prevention of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease alleviation of symptoms of urogenital wasting Relieving hot flashes Decrease the hazard of developing type 2 diabetes Miller et al, 2002, WHI, 2002, Nelson et Al, 2002, Lacey et Al, 2002 Nelson et Al, 2002, Palacios, 2009, Maclennan et Al, 2001, Skouby et Al, 2005Feedback signifierPersonal DetailssName†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Occupation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Email ID†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Telephone No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ArticleReview article Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Very hapless Relevance Content effectivity Utility in patternExtra InformationHow will this article aid you in pattern? 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Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Essay - 1144 Words

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture The 11th to 15th centuries saw a great surge of the Christian Church within Europe which was emphasized by the persuasiveness of the Crusades. The growing population of the Church increased the demand for the increased presence in architectural monuments and during the Romanesque and Gothic periods, a great cathedral construction boom occurred across Europe. The Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles were distinctive in not only the massiveness of the Romanesque monuments and the introduction of the cruciform plan but also for the introduction of the Gothic era art within the Cathedrals which included the inclusion of art the radiating Rose Window, column figures and the gargoyle among many†¦show more content†¦The growing importance of the Roman Catholic Church during the 11th and 12th centuries during which the first of the Crusades began called for the building of grand churches, cathedrals. The 11th to 13th centuries were considered the era of the cathedral construction boom which began in the Romanesque period and lasted well into the Gothic period. Several of the cathedrals construction latest over the course of one or even two centuries. The Cathedral of Chartres started in 1063 and ended approximately in 1260, almost two hundred years later. Because of this, cathedral sites became more than just a place for religious education as generations of architects, masons and builders in addition to all of the merchants, tradesmen and villages which accommodate the building of such cathedrals remained close to the site. Cathedral schools were also opened to educate each new generation of architects who would work on the next stages of construction. The enormity of the Cathedral of Chartres gave way for a better acoustic. The Cathedral of Chartres and the Monastery Church of Cluny soon became the envy of bishops and kings and in the 12th century northern France was grasped by a cathedral construction boom which in the 13th century swept across the border into England and Germany. During the end of the 12th century, several new and innovative art formsShow MoreRelatedGothic Architecture : Romanesque Architecture1049 Words   |  5 Pages Gothic style architecture originated in 12th-century France. The style was very different to architecture styles in early periods, with this style we see characteristics such as ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, etc. Buildings made in Gothic style were usually made of stone with large glass windows. Some examples of Gothic style buildings we ve studied in class include the Basilica of St Denis, Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral. Although Gothic style architecture endedRead More The Contrast between Gothic Architecture and Romanesque Architecture1934 Words   |  8 PagesThe Romanesque and Gothic architecture period both occurred during the Middle Ages with the Gothic period taking place during the later half. Gothic and Romanesque architecture were related in many ways, but they also contrasted in s tyle too. Over time, masons began to test the waters and push the limits. They thought of new ways to add lighting and ways to allow more height to the building without it being to heavy and weak. Many of the reasons for the change in styles had a lot to do with societyRead MoreRomanesque Architecture versus Gothic Architecture Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagestransition from Romanesque architecture to Gothic architecture can be attributed to a simple reason and that is wealth. Throughout Europe near the end of the Romanesque era there was large growth in towns and in turn a large growth in trade. Places such as Germany had rapid growth in their populace and economy and this encouraged trading with other towns. When it came to relations with other towns there was also a sense of competition and they showed this by building huge Gothic building that onlyRead More Gothic vs. Romanesque Architecture Essay2191 Words   |  9 PagesGothic vs. Romanesque Architecture Missing Figures Where are you when you wake up? Where are you when you are learning? Where are you when you go to pray? Where are you when you go to work? Where are you when you are having fun? The answer is that you are in a building or structure of some kind and style. All of the buildings and structures that one sees around them is designed and built with much thought and care. They are all designed and built by what we call architecture. According toRead MoreRomanesque And Gothic Architecture As 90821 - Mckenzie Henare1352 Words   |  6 Pages Romanesque and Gothic Architecture AS 90821 - McKenzie Henare Catholicism expresses its faith and relationship with God through many techniques whether it be art, teachings, scriptures or architecture. Extravagant cathedrals built show our relationship and faith in God. But when theories and ideas about why the styles are what they are. There was a time where the original Romanesque architecture became outdated and Gothic architecture was the new style that showed our faith and relationship withRead MoreAnalysis of the Romansque Style of Architecture1451 Words   |  6 Pages References â€Æ' Architecture affirms the wealth and culture of a society. The Romanesque style is a little like Roman architecture. Gothic architecture structures were beautifully made and offered the light of the new world to be shared. Both styles can be regarded as revolutions in building styles. By comparing the Romanesque and Gothic Architectural styles, I found that both styles were popular in the middle Ages, although Romanesque was first and later evolved into the Gothic style. Founded byRead MoreKey Characteristics of Gothic Architecture1436 Words   |  6 PagesWhat architectural changes were necessary in the shift from Romanesque to Gothic cathedrals in Europe and what inspirational changes influenced these changes? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation’s purpose is to analyze the changes in the architectural technique of the Romanesque style of architecture and come to a conclusion as to whether the shift in technique led to the rise of the more grandiose Gothic architecture in Europe. All art is inspired and the influences that caused the changeRead More Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesGothic and Romanesque Cathedrals The Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for many reasons. The Romanesque period was a time of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the communityRead MoreGothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for many reasons. The Romanesque period was a time of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics an d the community to raise funds for the Gothic cathedralsRead MoreArchitectural Styles Of The Ottoman Empire993 Words   |  4 Pagesthe previous empire’s architecture and add or remove characteristics from the architecture based on their personal religious perspectives. In the same way, the Ottoman empire was influenced by styles of architecture from the preceding empires, namely the Byzantine, Iranian, and Islamic architectural styles. As a result, the Ottoman empire’s architectural style has resemblances with the Romanesque architecture, which is a blend of the ancient Roman and Byzantine architectures. And it also has similarities

Who Was Melchizedek - 949 Words

Who was Melchizedek? Genesis 14:18 The question of â€Å"who was Melchizedek?† is a mystery which has never fully been answered or solved. We do know that Genesis 14:18 says that â€Å"Melchizedek was king of Salem† and â€Å"was the priest of God Most High.† Does this verse give enough information to determine just who he was; after all there is no genealogy for him. Various theories suggest who Melchizedek may have been, and all accounts are relatively similar. We will concentrate on three different commentaries to obtain a better understanding of the person of Melchizedek. Matthew Henry’s Commentary starts like most of the other descriptions, making reference to Genesis 14:18, â€Å"He was king of Salem and priest of the most high God†. Henry’s†¦show more content†¦But this time was before the law and before the Levitical priesthood. Guzik does not make Melchizedek out to be more than a king and a priest, but like Henry he list suggestions of who o thers think he might represent: 1. Seth, Noah’s son; 2. Job, or an angel; 3. An outer-space visitor; 4. An â€Å"unfallen Adam† from another planet, sent to observe the progress of God’s work of redemption for this fallen race. Melchizedek walked in and out of the pages of the Bible with little or no fanfare. Who is Melchizedek? Genesis 14:18 says he was the king of Salem, and that he was the priest of God Most High. That is all we know. Had Genesis stopped at him being the king of Salem and omitted he was the priest of God Most High, there probably would be no further discussion concerning him. Melchizedek must have known Abram because when he blessed him in verse 19 he said, â€Å"Blessed be Abram of God Most High.† He knew Abram’s name and he knew that Abram trusted in God. Melchizedek and Abram reciprocated one another in that Melchizedek â€Å"brought out bread and wine† (vs. 18) and Abram â€Å"gave him a tithe of all† (vs. 20) . The One Volume Bible Commentary by J.R. Dummelow does not try to give many explanations as to who Melchizedek was. I agree with Dummelow’s commentary more than the other two because he sticks close to the Scriptural account, however I do not agree with his statement that Abram in a general way could have acknowledge Melchizedek as his god. Bibliography Church, Rev.Show MoreRelatedThe Alchemist Character Analysis950 Words   |  4 Pages The Alchemist was written by Brazilian author Paulo Coelho. The main character in The Alchemist is Santiago, a young shepherd who gives up a life he is comfortable with in order to pursue his dreams. Throughout the story various characters impact Santiagos journey including Melchizedek. Melchizedek, the King of Salem, meets Santiago early in the novel and influences him to follow his dreams, in my opinion Melchizedek is the true hero in the story. 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Adam Smiths and David Ricardos Definition of the Economy Book Report/Review

Essays on Adam Smiths and David Ricardos Definition of the Economy Book Report/Review ï » ¿ Adam Smith’s and David Ricardo’s Definition of the Economy Most scholars call Adam Smith the father of economics because of his views on the subject (Hunt Lautzenheiser, 68). Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and he gave insights about technology and friendship that are useful in the current world today. He argues that the wealth of nations come the ideology that economies do best when they pursue their own interests. One individual may decide to sell cars, another may decide to broke insurance as a source of livelihood. The decisions to engage into economic activities are rational and lead to the combined development of an economy. According to Smith, the involvement of the government into the affairs of individuals leads to the disruption of the economic development of the country. Adam Smith believes that nations get their wealth when individuals are at liberty to use their skills and capital in their own personal welfare (Hunt Lautzenheiser, 70). Ricardo's argument was prominent during the Industrial Revolution. He read the work of Adam Smith and came up with the labor theory of value. He maintained that most of the scholars and Adam Smith did not provide enough information on rental fee, earnings, and salaries in an economy. He develops the initiative of comparative costs which states economies can get products at a lower cost if they are manufacture them at a home country rather than trading. His argument defines international trade in most countries in the modern world (Meek, Bentham Stark, 25). He argues that countries should maintain producing commodities in which they have comparative advantage over. The self-interest of individuals drives the development of most economies in the world. England can produce a single bottle of wine with a time of five hours of comprehensive labor. In relation to the matter, it can produce a single loaf of bread with ten hours. On the contrary, France is more productive, produces a single bottle of wine with three hours, and uses an hour to produce a loaf of bread. Statistically, the cost of producing a single loaf of bread in England is lower in terms of labor. It means that England produces a half loaf of bread for the production of one single bottle of wine. On the other hand, France has to produce three loaves of bread for the production of a single bottle of wine. According to Ricardo, England has a comparative advantage over the production of wine in their country. It produces two bottles of wine for every single loaf of bread it produces. On the contrary, France manages to produce a third of the bottle of wine for each production of bread. Statistically, it means that France has comparative advantage in the production of bread. Adam Smith argues that nations have to pursue personal interest for economic development (Meek, Bentham Stark, 78). On the contrary, Ricardo insists that nations should trade commodities in which they have comparative advantage over in order to make sense economically. England should focus in the production of wine and France focus on bread production. According to theory of Ricardo, both countries are producing products, which have a lower comparative cost. Works Cited Hunt, E. K, and Mark Lautzenheiser. History Of Economic Thought. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2015. Print. Meek, Ronald L., Jeremy Bentham, and W. Stark. 'Economic Writings, Vol I.'. The Economic History Review 15.1 (2008): 98. Web.

Female Body Dissatisfaction Free Essays

The Media’s Influence on Female Body Dissatisfaction Too often we hear ourselves and others complain about the way we look. Females of all ages complain that they need to lose weight, need a nose Job, lip injections, Bottom, and implants. These surgical procedures are even advertised on public transportation. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Body Dissatisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of us are not satisfied with our bodies even though we are considered healthy. What can possibly be the cause for most women to be dissatisfied with their natural bodies? Consider that most women are comparing themselves to unrealistic models in magazines and â€Å"perfect† bodies advertising assign and beauty products. Notice I quote the word perfect, I do this because I believe body image is subjective, yet many people don’t think so anymore causing them to become dissatisfied with their bodies. This unfortunate dissatisfaction is caused by the way the media portrays beauty and the ideal body. Commissioning editor of The Observer magazine Eva Washman, In her persuasive-informative article, â€Å"Uncomfortable in our skin: the body-image report,† discusses the media’s massive role on the way most people, from pre teens to senior citizens, are dissatisfied with their bodies. She adopts an earnest tone in order to display Just how massive the media’s role towards this issue is to her adult readers. Washman’s purpose is to expose that the way the media displays the ideal attractive body will, has, and is causing people from as young as age seven to be dissatisfied with their body. Washman advises people, who feel dissatisfied with their bodies, to consume the media critically and realize that they are advertising trying to sell them something. In the beginning of her article washman arrives at the University of the West of England to visit the world’s only Centre for Appearance Research (Car). There she meets the women of the Car, a team led by Professor Nicholas Ramsey and Dry Diana Harcourt, to discuss their research on how people deal with changing attitudes to appearance, and along the way helping answer the question: why do people, women and men, hate the way they look? She mentions to them that she doesn’t like the way she looks as well. Throughout her article she points out four main points about the way the media is effecting the way people, specifically women, hate the way they look. First she points out that people are becoming dissatisfied with their appearance from a onus age and for many women it lasts almost forever. Second she points out that people who are dissatisfied with their appearance compare themselves to social networked strangers, celebrities, and to photodiode images provided by the media. Third she points out that It is the fashion industry fault for making skinny, bony, unhealthy models seem like the ideal â€Å"perfect body’ because their size zero sample sizes force the media to advertise on such bodies. The fourth point, she adds, is that today’s diets, which are continuously advertised by the media in magazines, TV, and he radio, are the way people are cognitively encouraged to eat and are to blame for their anxiety. Washman concludes that the best way for people to get past the media false portrayal of the ideal â€Å"perfect† body, is to consume the media critically by reminding themselves that the media is advertising, and they are Just trying to sell them a certain product. Washman also concludes that after leaving the Car she is still insecure with her appearance but she now has a better understanding of why she feels that way. Washman furthers her purpose by effectively combining the use of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos to expand her main points. Washman Effectively convinces her audience that the media has a massive role on the way most people, from pre teens to senior citizens, are dissatisfied with their bodies through the use of interviewing women who are in a powerful position in the media paired with emotional stories from victims of this dissatisfaction including herself. She also tells of her extensive research in the area to make her readers believe in her credibility. By using all 3 strategies, Logos, Ethos, and Pathos she effectively gets the reader to believe her logically, to relate emotionally, and to establish her authority. Although washman’s article is strong and credible, I believe she personalizes the topic. The Car talks in general about the way people hate the way they look while she mainly focuses on the female sex. I think that took away from her purpose because she started out talking about both sexes but got into detail on only the effect it has on females. Also, throughout the article she misuses Ethos or authority by not citing her sources in some areas. I agree with all of Wigwams points completely, I can relate to them because I personally am dissatisfied with my appearance and she helped me analyze why the media is to blame for our dissatisfaction. Specifically thou I agree that our anxiety. I always feel so guilty when I have a piece of chocolate or a bag of chips. The reason I feel guilty is because I feel like models and women who are considered sexy are watching out, working hard, and avoiding these foods, and I am eating them and not being as slim as the people who don’t. Washman mention Bounce’s Bibb post pregnancy weight loss in her article to support my thoughts and feelings. Washman’s effective use of Logos and misuse of ethos appears in her first point; People are coming dissatisfied with their appearance at a young age, and in many cases this dissatisfaction lasts almost forever. She uses Logos or logic to prove her point by bringing in statistics. She explains that at age 5 children start to realize that their appearance is being Judged by others, at age seven they feel insecure and dissatisfied with their appearance, and that 90% of women in Britain feel anxious about their body image. Although she did somewhat prove her point she did not include her source here, which causes the audience to question her credibility of this topic. She then explained that this can almost last forever in some women. Contrastingly in this part of her evidence Washman clearly states â€Å"And it doesn’t wane – many women in their ass a re still anxious about the way their bodies look which, Professor Ramsey explains, can even affect their treatment in hospital, when their health choices are influenced by aesthetics. I agree with her because, being born in the mid ass’s, I went through body dissatisfaction at a very young age. I used to cry to my mom when I was 6 because I didn’t look anything like Barbie. Now I feel very ignorant for that but I still feel dissatisfied with my body even though I am at a healthy weight. She shows logic because her point is clear and specific, she has strong reason, and she gives evidence of her point, but her evidence is not completely credible therefore her logos or logic is not either because in order to have strong logic your evidence must also be credible. As you can see in her statistics she discuses males, she only speaks of females, this will most likely cause her body image-dissatisfied males to draw away from her article. Washman then uses Ethos in a better way along with pathos or emotion to continue to prove her first point. She connects herself by going back to her editing career. She tells a story about her emotions towards her appearance. She states â€Å"Two years ago I started writing a column for this magazine, illustrated by a photo of my face. At times it made me feel odd (l have never liked photos), at other times sad, often anxious. It made me more aware that I don’t like the way I look, but more, I don’t like the fact that I don’t like it. But it’s not Just me. All Car’s research suggests that Britain’s body image is in crisis. † Here she establishes authority effectively by connecting herself to the gist and she uses Car as a credible source. Pathos is used here because of her emotional story bout how she has been feeling dissatisfied with her appearance for the past two years of her career. The emotion she used is where the Pathos strategy comes in. She gets the audience to relate to her feelings by using this story to get there emotions going and to also get them to imagine the illustration of her face. She uses the words Odd, sad, and anxious. Her use of diction here is clear there is a pattern of sadness in her words to get the audience to realize how the media affects their emotions negatively Just like it does for her. I think she should have used a much stronger rod than sad, I would liked it if she used the word gloomy or even another word that is more intense such as depressed. Also I think the women and men reading this will find themselves questioning what exactly made her feel sad, odd, and anxious. What about the illustration made her feel that way? She does not demonstrate the illustration at all. I think if she was more specific, It would bring more emotion to them and help them imagine the illustration more vividly. Wigwams point that people who are dissatisfied with their appearance compare themselves to social worked strangers, celebrities, and to photodiode images revived by the media is proven by her effective use of logic. This time she establishes better Ethos or authority to make it much more credible. â€Å"We’ve always compared ourselves to other people, but what has changed is the way we use images. † She says. She then brings up a famous study, to back her claim up, which looked at teenage girls in Fiji after TV was introduced to them in 1995. The study showed that after three years of the girls watching TV, the most ones who watched it were 50% more likely to describe themselves as â€Å"too fat†; 29% scored highly on a test of eating-disorder risk. Her clear use of statistics and logic causes her audience to believe what she is saying because she has evidence, a scientific study, to go with her thesis. She establishes credibility by proving that the media really does have a massive affect on their body dissatisfaction and the evidence is there to speak for her. I can’t agree with her more on this. The medias role here is way too clear. Many of my friends are always out to get that celebrity look and do not feel satisfied because they will never look exactly like that celebrity. I think if this study was done again in 2013 the rates would be much higher. Washman uses Pathos or emotion and Ethos or authority to prove her third point; It is the fashion industry fault for making skinny, bony, unhealthy models seem like the ideal â€Å"perfect body’ because their size zero sample sizes force the media to advertise on such bodies. Washman decides to use a personal interview with the editor of Vogue Alexandra Sultan. Washman explains that Sultan herself knows that â€Å"real people†, actors featured in Vogue, don’t fit sample size cloths. Her exact words are â€Å"We’re sitting in her bright white office, beside shelves displaying international Vogue covers. She points at them one by one. Washman says. † As she pointed at them one by one washman says that she that she explained that the celebrities in each of the covers were wearing sample sizes that fit them tight, unlike the models. † The way she presents this information is much more detailed and adds vivid images of their conversation. This kind of vivid information presented with such strong imaginary detail is a great example of the way Washman uses detail in proving her third point. She continues to add evidence, but now she uses Ethos. She speaks of sultans efforts to get the fashion industry to roved larger sample sizes because she did not like that their tiny designs were forcing editors to shoot them on models with no â€Å"breasts or hips†. Washman then asks sultan if she has seen any change throughout her efforts. Sultan sees that there is still a bit off blindness and the fashion industry does not realize that people want to see something different. I completely agree with sultan because I am the same way as well. I am Muslim and often times I prefer shopping at boutiques owned by other Muslims because they provide Muslim and middle eastern fashion and there models wear a hajji Just like I do. Washman also agrees with her by saying â€Å"She’s right†, but she doesn’t stop there she adds her evidence. She states â€Å"Ben Barry (a PhD student at Cambridge University) surveyed 3,000 women, the vast majority of whom significantly increase purchase intentions when they see a model that reflects their age, size and race†. Here Washman demonstrates complete credibility. She demonstrates respect for sultans viewpoint and thoughts. Backs up both her thoughts and Sultans thoughts with credible evidence and sources, and she cited her source correctly. Her fourth point claiming that Today’s diets, which are mutinously advertised by the media in magazines, TV, and the radio, are the way people are cognitively encouraged to eat and are to blame for their anxiety she combines the use of ethos and logos to show credibility and then uses pathos to get her audience to emotionally feel her thesis. Washman starts out with the use of statistics. She begins by mentioning that rates of depression in women and girls doubled between 2000 and 2010 then she adds that the more women self objectify themselves the more they become depressed. She proposes that this is caused by the medias warm embrace of disordered eating. Then she backs up her thoughts with evidence. â€Å"Garcia reports that Beyond lost 60 pounds of â€Å"baby weight† by eating only lettuce. Cosmopolitan wrote about Kate Middleman’s â€Å"Dugan diet†, which begins with seven days of pure protein, and later two â€Å"celebration meals† a week. If women don’t look like Beyond or Kate Middleton, their flat stomachs a testament to their stamina then, it seems, they are not working hard enough. † here she is using Logos by providing deductive reasoning. She uses this by first stating her evidence then proving her thoughts towards it and adding it to her thesis or point. She adds ethos to it by providing her sources correctly in this case her magazine titles while titillating them. This establishes her credibility. She continues to prove her fourth point by interviewing Lauren codger. Washman explains that Codger is, in her words, â€Å"One celebrity whose body is frequently scrutinized (and scorned) by the tabloid media†. Washman meets with Codger as she is weeks into a drastic diet plan. Washman says to her: † Many women feel Judged on their appearance in some way, but what does it feel like to have those verdicts read by 99 million people a month? † Now before I mention Codgers response I want to mention that washman most probably chose that question knowing that Codger is going to have an emotional response. She does this so she can be able to provide Pathos or emotion when she comes to write about her interview to her audience women who somewhat share the same feelings. Washman said that Codger responded by saying â€Å"l can’t look at comments. I can’t buy the mass any more. I used to love them, but I was happy then. Then my weight became a story, not Just for the show but for the press. Yeah, I’m definitely aware of the online scrutiny. My body becomes my work. † Codgers Response causes people who are dissatisfied with their bodies to feel worse for codger than they feel for themselves after reading this. Codger is one of the victims who find that today’s diets are the way they cognitively feel encouraged to eat and are to blame for their anxiety. In sum, Washman’s Article is very useful because it demonstrates the media’s massive role on the way females, from pre teens to senior citizens, are dissatisfied with their bodies. It offers ways the media is trying to avoid this negative influence, the reasons fate the influence, who is to blame, ND what women can possibly do about it, even thou they do not have control over the way the media portrays beauty. Although it provides all these aspects to prove her thesis, I do not consider it one 100% credible because Washman forgets to cite some sources and loses focus when talking about women specifically instead of all people generally as she first stated. I Think both sexes are dissatisfied with their appearance equally from the media’s false portrayal of beauty and the ideal body image. How to cite Female Body Dissatisfaction, Papers

Inventory free essay sample

A REPORT ON â€Å"A STUDY ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN LUCAS TVS AT PADI (T. N. )† By: Karthikeyan M S LUCAS-TVS PRIVATE LIMITED PADI (T. N. ) A REPORT ON â€Å"(A STUDY ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN LUCAS TVS AT PADI (T. N. )† By: Karthikeyan M. S Register No. 3511010320 Master of business Administration A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of MBA (2010-2012) SRM School of management Chennai Company Guide: Mr. Prabhakaran Mr. Raman Miss. Vijayalakshmi. Lucas TVS, Padi. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project report â€Å"A STUDY ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN LUCAS-TVS AT PADI (T. N. )† is my own work, to the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published or written by another person nor materials which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of any other institute, except where due acknowledge has been made in the text. Karthikeyan M S DATE: 22. 07. 2011 Register No. 3511010320 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that student’s Name Karthikeyan M S, Reg. No. 511010320, a student of Master business business management from SRM School of Management, Chennai has done his summer training at Lucas-TVS from 14 june 2011 to 14 july 2011. The project work entitled â€Å"A STUDY ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN LUCAS TVS AT PADI (T. N. )† embodies the original work done by Karthikeyan M S during his summer project training period. Mr. Raman. D Company Guide ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. I would like to thank my college authorities and my H. O. D Mr. Balasubramanian first for providing me the opportunity to work one of the most prestigious organization. I want to thank the Head of training department Mr. Prabhakaran for giving me permission to commence thesis instance, to do the necessary research work and to use department data. I have furthermore to thank the Company Guide Mr. D. Raman, who gave and confirmed this permission and encourage me to go ahead with my thesis. I am deeply in debted to my Faculty Guide Miss. Kavitha whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the times of research for and writing of thesis. This project report could not have been prepared, if not for the help and encouragement from various people. Hence, for the same reason I would like to thank my guide  Miss. Vijaya Lakshmi. My brother Mr. Shiva Prakasham looked closely at the final version of the thesis for English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement. Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my parents, my brothers their love and blessing enabled me to completete this work. LIST OF CONTENTS Sl. No| Title| Page No| 1| INTRODUCTION| | | PROFILE INDUSTRY PROFILE ORGANISATION PROFILE| | 3| STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY NEED OF THE STUDY SCOPE OF THE STUDY LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY| | 4| RESEARCH METHODOLOGY| | 5| DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION| | 6| FINDINGS| | 7| SUGGESTION| | 8| CONCLUSION| | 9| BIBLOGRAPHY| | ANALYSIS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN LUCAS TVS INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Inventory management involves the control of assets being produced/p rocured to be sold in the normal course of the firm’s operations. The general categories of inventories include raw material, work-in-process inventories and finished goods inventory. The three categories of inventories are taken into biggest component of current assets. Inventory management is about determining and maintaining an optimal level of inventory, i. e. , a level that is neither inadequate nor excessive. Inventories constitute the most significant part of current assets for a large majority of companies in India. On an average, inventories are approximately 60 per cent of current assets in public limited companies in India. Because of the large size of inventories maintained by firms, a considerable amount of funds is required to be committed to them. It is, therefore, imperative to manage inventories efficiently, in order to avoid unnecessary investment. It is possible for a company to reduce its level of inventories to be considerable degree, eg. , 10 to 20 per cent, without any adverse effect on production and sales, by using simple inventory planning and control techniques. The reduction in ‘excessive’ inventories carries a favorable impact on a company’s profitability. MEANING OF INVENTORY Inventory represents value locked up at both ends of the production system. For a typical manufacturing firm, this blockage is in the form of raw material at one end of the production system, WIP (or semi-finished) goods within it, and completely finished goods at the other end. For example, in a trading or merchandise firm such as Big bazaar, inventory refers to the stock of finished goods for sale, while in the case of manufacturing business, the definition of inventory refers to raw materials, WIP (or semi-finished) goods, and finished goods. Thus the definition of inventories is specific to the nature of business. All though spares and stores are also shown as a part of inventory for financial reporting purpose, they are excluded from the definition of inventory because they are procured to facilitate production/operations and not for sale. DEFINITION OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory management is primarily about specifying the size and placement of stocked goods. Inventory management is required at different locations within a facility or within multiple locations of a supply network to protect the regular and planned course of production against the random disturbance of running out of materials or goods. The scope of inventory management also concerns the fine lines between replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods and demand forecasting. NATURE OF INVENTORY Inventories are stock of the product a company is manufacturing for sale and components that make up the product. The various forms in which inventories exist in a manufacturing company are: * Raw materials are those basic inputs that are converted into finished product through the manufacturing process. Raw materials inventories are those units which have been purchased and stored for future productions. * Work-in-process inventories are semi manufactured products. They represent products that need more work before they become finished product for sale. * Finished goods inventories are those completely manufactured products which are ready for sale. Stocks are raw materials and work-in-process facilitate production, while stock of finished goods is required for smooth marketing operations. Thus, inventories serves as a link between the production and consumption of goods. The levels of three kinds for a firm depends on the nature of the business. A manufacturing firms have substantially high levels of all three kinds of inventories, while a retail or wholesale firm will have a very high level of finished goods inventories and no raw material and work-in-process inventories. Within manufacturing firms, there will be difference. Large heavy engineering companies produce long production cycle products; therefore they carry large inventories. On the other hand, inventories of a consumer product company will not be large because of short production cycle and fast turnover. Firms also maintain a fourth kind of inventory, supplies or stores and spares. Supplies include office and plant maintenance materials like soap, brooms oil, fuel, light bulbs, etc. These materials do not directly enter production, but are necessary for production process. Usually, these supplies are small part of the total inventory and do not involve significant investment. Therefore, a sophisticated system of inventory control may not be maintained for them. NEED TO HOLD INVENTORIES inventories involves tying up the company’s funds and incurrence of storage and handling costs. There are three general motives for holding inventories. * Transactions motives, which emphasizes the need to maintain inventories to facilitate smooth production and sales operations. * Precautionary motives, which necessitates holding of inventories to guard against the risk of unpredictable changes in demand and supply forces and other factors. Speculative motives, which influences the decision to increase or reduce inventory level to take advantage of price fluctuations. A company should maintain adequate stock of materials for a continuous supply to the factory for an uninterrupted production. It is not possible for a company to procure raw materials whenever it is needed. A time lag exists between demand for materials and its supply. Inventory examples While  accou ntants  often discuss inventory in terms of goods for sale, organizations   manufacturers,  service-providers  and  not-for-profits   also have inventories (fixtures, furniture, supplies, that they do not intend to sell. Manufacturers,  distributors, and wholesalers inventory tends to cluster in  warehouses. Retailers inventory may exist in a warehouse or in a shop  or store accessible to  customers. Inventories not intended for sale to customers or to  clients  may be held in any premises an organization uses. Stock ties up cash and, if uncontrolled, it will be impossible to know the actual level of stocks and therefore impossible to control them. While the reasons for holding stock were covered earlier, most manufacturing organizations usually divide their goods for sale inventory into: * Raw materials   materials and components scheduled for use in making a product. * Work in process, WIP materials and components that have begun their transformation to finished goods. * Finished goods   goods ready for sale to customers. * Goods for resale returned goods that are salable. FUNCTIONS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: The most important functions of inventory management are * To meet anticipated demand. To smooth production requirements. * To decouple components of the production distribution system. * To protect against stock outs. * To take advantage of quantity discounts. * To hedge against price increase. PROFILE INDUSTRY PROFILE The  automotive industry  designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells  motor vehicles, and is one of the worlds most important  economic sectors  by  revenue. The term  automotiv e industry  usually does not include industries dedicated to automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as  repair shops  and  motor fuel  filling stations. The global automotive industry is a highly diversified sector that comprises of manufacturers, suppliers, dealers, retailers, original equipment manufacturers or OEMs, aftermarket parts manufacturers, automotive engineers, motor mechanics, auto electricians, spray painters or body repairers, fuel producers, environmental and transport safety groups, and trade unions The automotive manufacturing sector consists of automobile and light truck manufacturers, motor vehicle body manufacturers, and motor vehicle parts and supplies manufacturers. This sector is engaged in manufacturing of automotives and light duty motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies, chassis, cabs, trucks, automobile and utility trailers, buses, military vehicles, and motor vehicle gasoline engines. The Top Automaking Nations United States, Japan, China, Germany and South Korea are the top five automobile manufacturing nations throughout the world. The United States of America is the worlds largest producer and consumer of motor vehicles and automobiles accounting for 6. million direct and spin-off jobs and represents nearly 10% of the $10 trillion US economy. Automobile is one of the important industries in the world, which provides employment to 25 million people in the wold. IN the recent past, the auto parts, the auto parts manufacturing industry of Midwest lost 12. 7% of its employment. The various factors behind this decline are unemployment recession, domestic relocation and foreign competition. This loss in employment has badly affected this industr y. MAJOR MANUFACTURING REGIONS Northeastern United States and Southern Great Lakes Region, Northwestern Europe, Western Russia and the Ukraine, and Japan are the major manufacturing regions of automotive in the world. In North America, the prominent automotive manufacturing regions are New England, New York and the Mid-Atlantic, Central New York, Pittsburgh/Cleveland, Western Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Valley, Ohio and Eastern Indiana, Kanawha and middle Ohio Valley, St. Louis, the Southeastern region, Gulf Coast, Central Florida, and the West Coast. The European Union has the largest automotive production regions in the World. The key automobile manufacturing regions are United Kingdom, Rhine-Ruhr River Valley, Upper Rhine Alsace Lorraine region, and the Po Valley in Italy. In the Western Russian and Ukraine Region, the leading industrial regions are Moscow, the Ukraine region, the Volga region, the Urals regions, and the Kuznetsh Basin Region MAJOR INDUSTRY PLAYERS: The worldwide automobile industry is largely dominated by five leading automobile manufacturing corporations namely Toyota, General Motors, Ford Motor Company, Volkswagen AG, and Daimler Chrysler. These corporations have their presence in almost every country and they continue to invest into production facilities in emerging markets namely Latin America, Middle East, Eastern Europe, China, Malaysia and other markets in Southeast Asia with the main aim of reducing their production costs. Global Automobiles and Components % Share, (By Volume 2010) * General Motors 10. 10 % * Toyota 7. 90 % * Ford 7. 70 % * Others 74. 30 % MAJOR SEGMENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: Auto components amount to 31. 5% share of the global automobiles and components industry groups value. The global automotive component industry is highly diverse and comprises of various product segments like engine parts, drive transmission and  steering parts, suspension braking parts, electrical parts and other auto components parts. Engine Parts  segment in the automotive component industry comprises of different parts like engine parts, fuel delivery system and products such as pistons,  piston rings, engine valves, carburetors, and diesel-based fuel delivery systems. Engine parts form one of largest product segment of the automotive components industry and have a production share of 31%. The latest trend in this sector is of outsourcing a part of the engine from vendors Electrical Parts  segment comprises of generators, starter motors and  spark plugs. An important and relatively larger product segment engine parts are gaining popularity at a faster pace in the global automotive parts components industry. Electric start mechanism in different scooter and motorcycles is the latest concept in the automobile industry. Electrical parts sector contribute around 9% to the auto components industry. Drive Transmission and Steering Parts  segment has sub segments like gears, wheels, steering systems, axles, and  clutches. Having 19% share, this segment is considered the largest product segment after engine parts segment. The emergence of different leading automotive manufacturers is intensifying the competition in the sector especially for products like  gears  and clutches. Suspension and Braking Parts  segment comprises of automobile components like brakes, brake assemblies,  leaf springs, shock absorbers, brake linings. Suspension and braking parts segment has around 12% share in the global auto component industry. Body and Chassis Parts  segment comprises of body and chassis,  sheet metal components, and plastic-molded parts. The global sourcing of automotive components comprise of chassis, frames, brakes, steering and much more has reached to US $ 185 billion in 2009-10. This product segment has 12% share in the global automotive component and parts industry. KEY INDUSTRY DRIVERS The highlighting features of global automotive industry are: * Offers support to other industries such as iron, steel, rubber, glass, plastic, petroleum, textiles, oil gas, paints coatings, transportation industries. * Rising foreign investments have led to the rapid growth in terms of automobile production and exports. Overseas companies are making huge investments and are installing extensive production capacities in developing countries. * Continuous investment in research development has resulted in increased productivity and better quality automobiles, automotive accessories and parts. * Increase in standards of living and purchasing power parity have resulted in the increase demand of automobiles especially four-wheelers in developing nations, mostly in South Asian region. * This sector provides employment to major chunk of human population in the world i. e. 25 million. This industry not only provides millions of jobs to the people, but also produces billions of dollars in terms of worldwide revenues. * Adequate infrastructural facilities in form of power supply, machinery, capital, ready availability of raw materials and labor help in the tremendous growth of this industry. Market Forecasts: With the upcoming marketing strategies of the manufacturers, the auto parts industry is expected to have reached a value of USD 586 billion by year 2009. According to reports, the compound annual growth rate of this industry is 2. 6% for the period of 2005 2010. Global Auto Components Forecast Value USD billion 2005 – 2010| Year| USD billion| % Growth| 2005| 515. 5| 2. 30| 2006| 526. 2| 2. 10| 2007| 538. 9| 2. 40| 2008| 553. 4| 2. 70| 2009| 569. 1| 2. 80| 2010| 585. 9| 3. 00| CAGR| 2005 2010 2. 6%| It is believed that by 2015, the global auto component industry would reach US$ 1. 9 trillion. With different low cost countries emerging at a fast pace in this industry, it is also expected that around 40% of the money will be sourced from such countries. India is one of such low cost countries. At present, it has only 0. 4% of the global auto components trade of US$ 185 billion. By the year 2025, it is expected that India might be among the top five auto component economies. FUTURE OUTLOOK The automotive industry is witnessing tremendous and unprecedented changes these days. This industry is slowly and gradually shifting towards Asian countries, mainly because of saturation of automobile industry in the western world. The principal driving markets for Asian automotive industry are China, India and ASEAN nations. Low cost vehicles namely scooters, motorcycles, mopeds and bicycles have led to the massive growth of some of the fastest developing economies like China and India. The future of automotive industry in the Asian countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia is bright and promising because of the ASEAN free trade area under which the export tariffs are very less. On a global scale, the assets of the top ten automotive corporations accounts for 28% of the assets of the worlds top 50 companies, 29% of their employment and 30% of their total sales. In the year 2006, the United States of America sold around 16 million of new automobiles, Western Europe sold around 15 million, while China and India sold 4 million and one million respectively. Latin America, Middle East, Eastern Europe, China, Malaysia and other South-Asian nations are now emerging as the dominant markets of the automotive industry. Most of the major automotive players are shifting their production facilities in these emerging markets with the main purpose of gaining better access and reduction in their production costs. There is estimation that the automotive markets in South America and Asia will witness a boom in the near future. The various factors such as cheap financing and prices discounts, rising income levels and infrastructure developments will assist in the growth and development of automotive sector in the majority of Asian nations. ORGANISATION PROFILE ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE LUCAS – TVS was established in the year 1961 as a joint venture between Lucas industries, UK and the TVS group. It is a lending manufacturing of auto electrical products and diesel fuel injection equipment in India. This is QS 9000 ISO 140001 certified company. It produces all types of auto electrical for two wheelers. The TVS group is one of india’s largest conglomerates. T. V. Sundaram Iyengar and Sons Limited established in 1911 are the parent and holding company of TVS groups. The combination of these two well-known groups has resulted in the establishment of a vibrant company, which has had a successful track record of sustained growth over the last four decades. TVS is one of India’s twenty large industries houses with twenty five manufacturing companies and has a turnover in excess of US$ 1. 3billion. The turnover of Lucas-TVS and its division during 2007-2008 is Rs. 1842. 43 crores. This became the largest of its kind in the company, legendary for its punctuality and services. In fact the rules and regulation laid by them later became the blue print for the motor vehicle act. HISTORY OF THE ORGANISATION TVS Group was established in 1911 by T. V. Sundram Iyengar, one of the visionaries of the Indian industries. His ideas were years a head of their times. Three years before World War I. When the automobile was still seen as some kind of intimidating â€Å"horse-less carriage† he had the vision to set up South India’s first ever rural bus service and over the years, this transport company became the largest of its kind in the country, legendary for its punctuality and service. In fact, the rules and regulations laid down by him later became the print for the Motor Vehicles Act. The importance given by the founder of the TQM framework even today. T. V. Sundram Iyengar’s philosophy of business reflected the kind of man he was simple and stern. It was based rigidly on four concepts – Quality, service, reliability and a sense of Ethics. The TVS Group is the largest manufacturer and distributor of automotive components in India, with a turnover in excess of 2. 7 billion US dollars and a family of over 25,000 members. LUCAS-TVS was established in 1961 as a joint venture between Lucas Industries, UK and the TVS Group. It is a leading manufacturer of auto electrical products and diesel fuel injection equipment in India. It reaches out to all segments of the automotive industry such as passengers cars, commercial vehicles, tractors, jeeps, two wheelers and off-highway vehicles, as well as for stationary and marine applications. Lucas-TVS was for sometime a part of UK and Varity Corporation of US. Now Lucas-TVS is fully owned by the TVS group MISSION: To be a respected supplier in the global auto industry, by developing innovative products and solution of value to customers through creative skill and involvement of employees, suppliers and dealers and use of contemporary technology. VISION: * To be the supplier of choice of all leading vehicle manufacturing in India. * To be a recognized Original Equipment Supplier in Asia Pacific and Middle East markets. * To achieve global recognition for innovative approach to products and solutions. * And, by 2010, to sell Rs. 2000 crores (USD 430) of products and solutions. The milestone in the journey of LUCAS-TVS as it has emerged today are listed: * Lucas-TVS today has emerged as a total automobile electrical system supplier, operating from four plants located at Chennai, Pondicherry, Pune and Rewari in Haryana. * The electrical division of Lucas-TVS manufactures a complete range of auto electrical products – namely starters, alternators, wipers, and distributors, making it a â€Å"one-stop shop† for the automotive industry. * Currently the company produces over 2. 5 million starters and alternators per annum, and has plans to double the volume. Lucas-TVS has grown hand in hand with the automobile industry in the country. The company’s policies have recognized the need to respond effectively to changing customer needs, helping to propel it to a position of leadership. The company has raised its standards on quality, productivity, reliability, and flexibility by challenging its interests. At present, there are five divisions: Divisions| Turn-Over Crores INR| During 2008 – 2009Million USD| Auto Electrical L-TVS| 958. 29| 239. 75| Fuel Injection Equipment(FIE)-DTVS| 465. 30| 116. 41| Electronic Ignition System (INEL)| 120. 3| 30. 08| Automotive Lighting (IJL)| 132. 92| 33. 25| After Market Operations(LIS)| 165. 69| 41. 45| LUCAS-TVS GROUP OF COMPANIES:  » Delphi-TVS.  » Lucas India Service.  » Indian Nippon Electricals Ltd.  » Indian Japan Lighting. TVS Group Companies: The TVS Group, with turnover of over one billion dollars, is the largest manufacturers of automotive components in India. The group produc es auto electrical, diesel fuel injection systems, automotive wheels and axle fasteners, powder metal components, radiator caps, two wheelers and computer peripherals. Backed by five service and distribution companies with an extensive network cross the country, the group has the largest distribution network for automotive products in India. COMPANY| PRODUCTS| Manufacturing Companies| Automotive Axles| Axles India Ltd. | Automotive Axles. | Brakes Ltd. | Hydraulic brakes clutch actuation systems. | India Nippon Electricals Ltd. | Magnetos, Two/Three wheeler ignition systems. | India Japan Lighting Limited. | Headlamps, Rear combination lamps and various other signal lamps for automotive and Two wheelers applications. Lakshmi Auto components Ltd. | Engine/transmission components. | Lucas-TVS Ltd. | Auto electrical| TVS Srichakra Ltd. | Automotive tyres. | Sundaram Brake Linings Ltd. | Brakes linings clutch facings. | Delphi-TVS Ltd. | Diesel fuel injection equipment. | Sundaram Clayton Ltd. | Air brakes| Sundaram Fasteners Ltd. | High tensile fasteners, cold extruded products, sintered components, intelligent system, radiator caps. | Sundaram Text iles Ltd. | Yarn| Turbo Energy Ltd. | Turbo charges| TVS Interconnected Systems Ltd. | Electronic connectors| TVS Electronics Ltd. Computer peripherals| TVS Sewing Needles Ltd. | Sewing needles. | TVS Motor Company Ltd. | Two wheelers. | TVS cherry Ltd. | Precision miniature, sub-miniature, selector switches, hall effect sensors, key switches and advanced performance/special purpose keyboards. | Wheels India Ltd. | Automotive wheels| Distribution Companies| | India Motor Parts Accessories Ltd. | Distributors of automotive components. | Lucas India Service Ltd. | Distributors of auto electrical and auto components, Fuel Injection Equipment, LISPART Batteries. | T V Sundaram Iyengar sons Ltd. Distributors of passengers cars commercial vehicles, automotive spare parts. | Other companies| | Southern Roadways Ltd. | Freight services. | Sunco machines Ltd. | Precure tyre retreading equipment| Sundaram Industries Ltd. | Tyre retreading, coach building, rubber components. | QUALITY POLIC Y: â€Å"Lucas TVS is committed to achieving ever increasing levels to customer satisfaction through continuous improvements to the quality of the products and services. It will be the company’s Endeavour to increase customer trust and confidence in the label â€Å"Made in Lucas TVS†. Quality is no longer an option but as a basic requirement in today’s world. At Lucas TVS, quality in inbuilt in every phase of manufacture. The company’s quality assurance measures stand on the foundation of a solid belief – that quality and ends with the customer. This commitment forms the backbone of its approach to Quality Assurance. Lucas TVS has adopted a prevention-oriented quality policy through ingrained with the traditional ideas of quality control. Everyone from the highest levels of the organization to the lowest practice quality control both as an individual and as a team. An effective Quality Control System has resulted in the recognition of the company’s outstanding achievements in the various fields. Lucas TVS was awarded the ISO 9001 certified by BVQL in December 1993. The company reached a further milestone when it recently received a certificate of recognition from BVQL for ISO 9000 Auto Electricals. Lucas TVS has bagged the Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award for 2006. This award is for the category â€Å"large scale manufacturing industry†. LUCAS-TVS CUSTOMER NAMES: 1. CARS: MARUTI UDYOG TATA MOTORS HYUNDAI MOTORS FORD INDIA HINDUSTAN MOTORS WEST INDIA POWER EQUIPMENT FIAT INDIA GENERAL MOTORS 2. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: TATA MOTORS BAJAJ AUTO FORCE MOTORS TATA CUMMINS LTD ASHOK LEYLAND M M JEEP SWARAJ MAZDA 3. TRACTORS: M M PUNJAB TRACTOR LTD TRACTORS AND FARM EQUIPMENTS HMT LIMITED ESCORTS EICHER L T 4. ENGINES: KIRLOSKAR OIL ENGINES SIMPSONS TATA CUMMINS INDIA LTD GREAVES COTTON INDIA LTD LOMBARDINI 5. TWO WHEELERS: TVS MOTORS COMPANY LTD BAJAJ AUTO LTD SOORAJ AUTO LTD SCOOTERS INDIA LTD HERO HONDA HONDA MOTOR CYCLES AND SCOOTERS INDIA YAMAHA INDIA DEPARTMENTATION: Department can be defined as the process by which activities or function of the company of the company are grouped homogeneously into different group’s departmentation is very important as it give ways for division of labor specialization and to have check on time which is very much needed for company. Features Of Departmentation: The following are the features of departmentation * Departmentation leads to specialization of jobs. As there are separated * department for each job E. g. Sales, purchase, services etc. which enable to focus his attention on a narrow aspect of the work more efficiently. Division-of-work enables specialization which results in early completion of job and saves the time of the person. * Each department has their heads that are accountable for the results so it helps in easy supervision of the work done. Various Department Of The Company: * PurchaseDepartment * MarketingDepartment * ProductionDepartment * FinanceDepartment * PersonnelDepartment * Secre tarialDepartment Function of Finance Department: The following are the function of finance department, * To estimate the finance requirement of fixed and working capital * To measure the earning and saving to the best advantage of the company. To take decision regarding borrowing of funds or utilization of own funds for purpose of investment. * To maintain the books of accounts the company. * To prepare budget and financial statement of the company and control. This department has many sub-sections: * PAY ROLL * BILLS RECEIVABLE * BILLS PAYABLE * CASH, BANKING AND LEGAL * TAXATION AND LEGAL * COSTING, BUDGET AND CAPEX * MATERIAL ACCOUNTING * INTERNAL AUDIT * M. I. S OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES From the problem taken for the study the following objectives have been considered. Primary Objective: The primary objective is to know how efficiently the inventory is managed in Lucas-TVS. Secondary Objective: To study and find the effectiveness of ABC analysis in Lucas-TVS. * To classify the inventory scientifically. * To exercise control over important items by way of ABC analysis. * To help eliminate unnecessary inventory held in stock and thereby reducing funds locked in them. SCOPE OF THE STUDY SCOPE OF THE STUDY As in reality every study has a scope of achieving the exact happenings to match with possible change for betterment. * To implement the findings to benefit part of the functions of inventory department in Lucas-TVS. * To verify the knowledge of text book in practice To derive meaningful application of theory from actual implementation. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research is an attempt to study a problem or a situation at any given circumstance and identify various causes or consequences of that particular problem. It tries to solve a complex and complicated problem through use of various tools and techniques. These tools and techniques try to bring out a logical, accurate and scientific solution to a given problem. Methodology as the name suggests is the method through which the problem or situation is tackled. It involves a lot of factor like the research design, tools used, etc†¦. ll these steps and factors put together to bring out a clear and accurate result. RESEARCH DESIGN A research is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. The research design adapted in the study was descriptive study. DATA COLLECTION METHOD Data collection has mainly been from two sources viz. , primary data and secondary data. PRIMARY DATA: The primary data are the information which is collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. In this project we didn’t use any primary data. SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data, are those which have already been collected by some others and already been processed. TOOLS USED: 1. Ratio analysis 2. ABC Analysis Ratio Analysis: It is the process of establishing and interpreting various for helping in making certain decisions. It is used as a device to analyses and interprets the financial health of the company. This is done to develop meaningful relationship between individual items or group of items usually shown in a periodical financial statement publish by the concern. The commonly used ratios to assess inventory are as follows * Sales to Inventory Raw Materials to Total Inventory * Work in progress to Total Inventory * Finished Goods to Total Inventory * stock turnover ratio ABC ANALYSIS: The  ABC analysis  is a business term used to define an  inventory  categorization technique often used in  materials management. It is also known as  Selective Inventory Control. It stands for Always Better Control. Policies ba sed on ABC analysis: A ITEMS: very tight control and accurate records B ITEMS: LESS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED and good records C ITEMS: simplest controls possible and minimal records. The ABC analysis suggests that inventories of an organization are not of equal value. Thus, the inventory is grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance. A  items are very important for an organization. Because of the high value of these ‘A’ items, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that, an organization needs to choose an appropriate order pattern (e. g. ‘Just- in- time’) to avoid excess capacity. B  items are important, but of course less important, than ‘A’ items and more important than ‘C’ items. Therefore ‘B’ items are intergroup items. C  items are marginally important. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 1. RATIO ANALYSIS I. TABLE OF TOTAL INVENTORY (in crores): Year| Raw material| Work in progress| Finished goods| Total inventory| 2005-2006| 33. 62| 17. 89| 19. 30| 70. 81| 2006-2007| 54. 11| 21. 32| 18. 05| 93. 48| 2007-2008| 67. 08| 27. 48| 23. 80| 118. 36| 2008-2009| 86. 23| 38. 60| 24. 10| 148. 93| 2009-2010| 130. 81| 38. 33| 29. 62| 198. 76| Interpretation : It is inferred that for the year 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010, the total inventory value has been increased. II. Ratio between sales to inventory (in crores): Year| Sales (x)| Inventory (y)| x/y| 2005-2006| 547. 94| 70. 81| 7. 74| 2006-2007| 639. 25| 93. 8| 6. 84| 2007-2008| 712. 66| 118. 26| 6. 02| 2008-2009| 806. 59| 148. 93| 5. 41| 2009-2010| 902. 57| 198. 76| 4. 54| Interpretation: it is inferred that the ratio of sales and inventory for the year 2004-2005 is 7. 74. the ratio of sales and inventory is high in the year 2004-2005 (7. 74) and low in the year 2008-2009 (4. 54). III. Ratio between Raw material to Total in ventory (in crores): Year| Raw material (x)| Total inventory(y)| x/y| 2005-2006| 33. 62| 70. 81| 0. 475| 2006-2007| 54. 11| 93. 48| 0. 578| 2007-2008| 67. 08| 118. 36| 0. 567| 2008-2009| 86. 23| 148. 93| 0. 579| 2009-2010| 130. 81| 198. 76| 0. 58| Interpretation; It is inferred that the ratio of sales and inventory for the year 2005-2006 is 0. 475. The ratio of sales and inventory is high in the year 2009-2010 (0. 658) and low in the year 2005-2006 (0. 475) IV. Ratio between Work in progress to Total inventory (in crores): Year| Work in progress (x)| Total inventory (y)| x/y| 2005-2006| 17. 89| 70. 81| 0. 253| 2006-2007| 21. 32| 93. 48| 0. 228| 2007-2008| 27. 48| 118. 36| 0. 232| 2008-2009| 38. 60| 148. 93| 0. 259| 2009-2010| 38. 33| 198. 76| 0. 193| Interpretation: It is inferred that the ratio of sales and inventory for the year 2005-2006 ia 0. 53. The ratio of sales and inventory is high in the year 2008-2009 (0. 259) and low in the year 2009-2010. V. Ratio between Finished goods to Total inventory (in crores): Year| Finished goods (x)| Total inventory (y)| x/y| 2005-2006| 19. 30| 70. 81| 0. 273| 2006-2007| 18. 05| 93. 48| 0. 193| 2007-2008| 23. 80| 118. 36| 0. 201| 2008-2009| 24. 10| 148. 93| 0. 162| 2009-2010| 29. 62| 198. 76| 0. 149| Interpretation: It is inferred that the ratio of sales and inventory for the year 2005-2006 is 0. 273. The ratio of sales and inventory is high in the year 2005-2006 and low in the year 2009-2010 (1. 9) VI. Stock Turnover Ratio (in crores): Year| Cost of goods sold| Average stock | Ratio| 2005-2006| 490. 87| 18. 35| 26. 75| 2006-2007| 576. 31| 15. 50| 37. 18| 2007-2008| 612. 80| 28. 98| 21. 14| 2008-2009| 693. 68| 19. 30| 35. 94| 2009-2010| 862. 30| 32. 45| 26. 57| Cost of goods sold Stock turnover ratio = Average stock Interpretation: It is inferred that the stock turnover ratio for the year 2005-2010 is 26. 75. the ratio of sales and inventory is high in the year in the year 2006-2007 (37. 18) annnd low is the year 2007-20 08 (21. 14). 2. ABC ANALYSIS ANNUAL USAGE VALUE OF PRODUCT â€Å"X† S NO| DESCRIPTION| ANNUAL USAGE (in lakhs)| % OF USAGE| 1| Spindle unit Assembly (1)| 65. 50| 7. 259132| 2| Brush, Plate, Plug, Switch, Cover, Assembly| 35. 00| 3. 878926| 3| Cover Assembly| 94. 54| 10. 47753| 4| Spindle unit Assembly (2)| 42. 50| 4. 710124| 5| Gear Boxing| 37. 07| 4. 108336| 6| Mounting Bracket Assembly| 80. 25| 8. 893822| 7| Wiping System| 142. 01| 15. 73846| 8| Assembly Bracket| 32. 23| 3. 571936| 9| Wheel Box Assembly| 25. 36| 2. 810559| 10| Link End Assembly| 21. 50| 2. 382769| 11| Limit Switch| 16. 00| 1. 773223| 12| Shaft Link Pin Assembly| 17. 50| 1. 939463| 13| Bundy Tube| 12. 0| 1. 385331| 14| Brush Plate| 18. 00| 1. 994876| 15| Brush Plate Cover| 25. 52| 2. 828291| 16| Primary Tube Assembly| 14. 89| 1. 650206| 17| Gear Box Assembly| 23. 90| 2. 648752| 18| Ball Bearing| 13. 80| 1. 529405| 19| Thermal Cut| 14. 52| 1. 6092| 20| Shaft Assembly| 14. 28| 1. 582602| 21| Brush Plating Assembly| 24. 85| 2. 754037| 22| Rear Mounting Bracket| 16. 16| 1. 790955| 23| Washer| 0. 41| 0. 045439| 24| Steel Ball| 0. 63| 0. 069821| 25| Screw | 0. 31| 0. 034356| 26| Bolt| 0. 99| 0. 109718| 27| Nut| 0. 48| 0. 053197| 28| Pressure Pad| 0. 18| 0. 019949| 29| Spring Clip| 0. 16| 0. 017732| 0| Con Bush Assembly| 0. 57| 0. 063171| 31| Felt Washer| 0. 12| 0. 013299| 32| Ferrule| 1. 96| 0. 21722| 33| Label| 0. 65| 0. 072037| 34| Switch Unit| 0. 64| 0. 070929| 35| Final Gear Assembly| 3. 40| 0. 37681| 36| Bearing Bush| 3. 11| 0. 34467| 37| Magnet| 4. 51| 0. 499827| 38| Pole| 5. 90| 0. 653876| 39| Commutator| 1. 56| 0. 172889| 40| Primary Link Assembly| 2. 72| 0. 301448| 41| Carbon Brush| 1. 10| 0. 121909| 42| Rotatory Link| 4. 80| 0. 531967| 43| Bearing Pin| 2. 62| 0. 290365| 44| Rubber Pad| 1. 43| 0. 158482| 45| Armature Insul| 1. 21| 0. 1341| 46| Bundy Tube With Nut| 5. 00 | 0. 554132| 7| Crank Pin| 1. 22| 0. 135208| 48| Crank Plate| 2. 61| 0. 289257| 49| Spindle | 6. 14| 0. 680474| 50| Needle Bearing| 6. 09| 0. 674933| 51| Plug Moulding| 3. 99| 0. 442198| 5 2| Nozzle Holder| 1. 09| 0. 120801| 53| Self Tap Screw| 1. 00| 0. 110826| 54| Screw Cover Plate| 0. 16| 0. 017732| 55| Lock Nut| 0. 48| 0. 053197| 56| Spring Washer| 0. 535| 0. 059292| 57| Circlip | 0. 635| 0. 070375| 58| Rivet| 0. 4625| 0. 051257| 59| Seal | 0. 94| 0. 104177| 60| Protection Cover| 0. 605| 0. 06705| 61| Breather Plug| 0. 50| 0. 055413| 62| Thrust Screw| 0. 975| 0. 108056| 63| Gasket| 1. 685| 0. 186743| 64| Trust Pad| 0. 65| 0. 029369| 65| Yoke| 35. 5892| 3. 944225| 66| Bundy Tube With Nut| 5. 00| 0. 554132| | Total | 877. 00| 100| A ITEMS: S. NO| DESCRIPTION| VALUE (in lakhs)| Percentage| 1| Spindle unit assembly| 65. 5| 7. 468643| 2| Brush, Plate,Plug, Switch, Cover,Assembly| 35| 3. 990878| 3| Cover Assembly K 200 M| 94. 54| 10. 77993| 4| Spindle Unit Assembly| 42. 5| 4. 846066| 5| Gear Boxing (Hyundai)| 37. 07| 4. 22691| 6| Mouinting Bracket Assembly| 80. 25| 9. 150513| 7| Wiping System (Indica)| 142. 01| 16. 1927| 8| Assembly bracket| 32. 23| 3. 675029| 9| Wheel Box Assembly| 25. 36| 2. 891676| 10| Brush Plate Assembly| 25. 2| 2. 90992| 11| Gear Box Assembly| 23. 9| 2. 7252| 12| Brush Plating Assembly| 24. 85| 2. 833523| | Total| 628. 73| 71. 69099| B ITEMS: SNO| DESCRIPTION| VALUE (in lakhs)| Percentage| 1| Link end assembly| 21. 50| 2. 451539| 2| Limit switch| 16. 00| 1. 824401| 3| Shaft link pink assembly| 17. 50| 1. 995439| 4| Bundy Tube| 12. 50| 1. 425314| 5| Brush plate| 18. 00| 2. 052452| 6| Primary tube assembly| 14. 89| 1. 697834| 7| Ball bearing | 13. 80| 1. 573546| 8| Thermal Cut| 14. 52| 1. 655644| 9| Shaft link pin assembly| 14. 28| 1. 628278| 10| Yoke | 16. 29| 1. 857469| 11| Rear mounting bracket| 16. 16| 1. 42645| | Total| 175. 44| 20. 00456| C ITEMS: S NO| DESCRIPTIONS| VALUE (in lakhs)| Percentage | 1| Washer| 0. 41| 0. 04675| 2| Steel ball | 0. 63| 0. 071836| 3| Screw| 0. 31| 0. 035348| 4| Bolt| 0. 99| 0. 112885| 5| Nut| 0. 48| 0. 054732| 6| Pressure pad| 0. 18| 0. 020525| 7| Spring clip| 0. 16| 0. 018244| 8| Con bush as sembly| 0. 57| 0. 064994| 9| Felt washer| 0. 12| 0. 013683| 10| Ferrule| 1. 96| 0. 223489| 11| Label| 0. 65| 0. 074116| 12| Switch unit| 0. 64| 0. 072976| 13| Final gear assembly| 3. 4| 0. 387685| 14| Bearing bush| 3. 11| 0. 354618| 15| Magnet| 4. 51| 0. 514253| 16| Pole| 5. 9| 0. 72748| 17| Commutator| 1. 56| 0. 177879| 18| Primary link assembly| 2. 72| 0. 310148| 19| Carbon bush| 1. 1| 0. 125428| 20| Rotatory bush| 4. 8| 0. 54732| 21| Bearing pin| 2. 62| 0. 298746| 22| Rubber pad| 1. 43| 0. 163056| 23| Armature insul| 1. 21| 0. 13797| 24| Bundy tube with nut| 5| 0. 570125| 25| crank pin| 1. 22| 0. 139111| 26| Crank plate| 2. 61| 0. 297605| 27| Spindle| 6. 14| 0. 700114| 28| Needle bearing| 6. 09| 0. 694413| 29| Plug moulding| 3. 99| 0. 45496| 30| Nozzle holder| 1. 09| 0. 124287| 31| Self tap screw| 1| 0. 114025| 32| Lock nut| 0. 48| 0. 054732| 33| Spring washer| 0. 535| 0. 61003| 34| Circlip| 0. 635| 0. 072406| 35| Rivet | 0. 4625| 0. 052737| 36| Seal| 0. 94| 0. 107184| 37| Protec tive cover| 0. 605| 0. 068985| 38| Breather plug| 0. 5| 0. 057013| 39| Thrust screw| 0. 975| 0. 111174| 40| Gasket| 1. 685| 0. 192132| 41| Thrust pad| 0. 265| 0. 030217| 42| Screw cover plate| 0. 33| 0. 037628| | Total | 74. 0125| 8. 439282| ABC ANALYSIS Interpretation: The above raw material has been categorized as â€Å"A† class material and should be kept under rigorous control as the investment in the inventory constitute more than 70% value of the total investment made in raw material inventory. The company should direct its most of the inventory control efforts to the items included in the category. Although the number of items which constitutes â€Å"B† â€Å"C† category is not fairly large investment in these category is less than 30% and which is less than category than 30% and which warrant the minimum attention. During the discussion and clarification with the executives of the company controlling production and stores we were explained that the raw material which were grouped under â€Å"B† â€Å"C† category even though critical to the production process were availability easily. While making the analysis utmost care was taken not to include raw material essential for production process which is not available easily in the market even though it involves small investment in â€Å"B† â€Å"C† category. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTION FINDINGS * The total inventory of the company has been increased from one year to another year. For example the total inventory for the year 2005-2006 is 70. 81 whereas it has been increased to 198. 76 in the year 2009-2010. * In ABC analysis, the A category constitutes more than 70% of the total investment made in the raw materials. B and C category is not fairly large investment in this category is less than 30 % and which warrant the minimum attention. * The ratio between raw material and total inventory is low in the year 2005-2006 (i. e. , 0. 475%) and it has been increased to 0. 685% in the year 2009-2010. * The ratio between work in progress and total inventory has been fluctuating for the last five years. * The ratio between finished goods and total inventory is high in the year 2005-2006 is 0. 273% and it has been decreased to 0. 149% in the year 2009-2010. * During the year 2005-2006 it is 26. 75% whish shows higher position of sales but the last two years i. ,. 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 the sales has been decreased. SUGGESTIONS * The total inventory of the company is high. So, the company should take the initiative for the proper utilization of inventory. * The management should find out the reasons for the decrease in sales and must take appropriate measures. BIBIOGRAPH BOOKS: * I. M. Pandey, Financial Management, Vikas Publication, New Delhi, 10th Edition, 2003 * Rajiv Srivastava, Financial Management, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. WEBSITE: * www. lucas-tvs. com * www. automotive-online. com/auto-industry. html * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ABC_analysis